Across every surveyed jurisdiction, the advice line is drawn at personalization, not intelligence: AI output becomes regulated investment advice when it is tailored to a person, not when the model becomes more capable.
Advisers Act §202(a)(11) & Lowe v. SEC, 472 U.S. 181 (1985); CFTC Reg 4.14(a)(9); Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/565 Art. 9; RAO Art. 53; Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s.766B(3).
Doctrinal analysis of primary sources — statutes, regulations, adopted rules, case law and official guidance — supplemented by the enforcement record and by regulator publications through August 2026. Each 2024–2026 development was verified against the issuing body’s own publication or contemporaneous professional reporting. Argued in §2 of the paper.
§3, §4, §5, §6, §7, §8, §9 of AI Decision Support and the Advice Line (WP-05).
August 2026. The regulatory record moves; this finding is dated rather than presented as timeless, and it is revised or withdrawn — never silently amended — when the record changes. Corrections: labs@tryorin.xyz.
Cite this finding
ORIN Labs (2026). F-01: The advice line is personalization, not intelligence. In AI Decision Support and the Advice Line, ORIN Labs Research WP-05. https://tryorin.xyz/labs/findings/advice-line-is-personalization. August 2026.
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